Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 26 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41569-026-01348-xIn this Review, Lucia and colleagues describe the cardiometabolic, structural, genetic and inflammatory profiles of centenarians that distinguish them from their shorter-lived peers, highlighting the biological, behavioural and environmental factors driving cardiovascular resilience in extreme longevity.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 22 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41569-026-01361-0Reply to ‘Distinguishing between nicotine replacement therapies and nicotine-containing consumer products’

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 15 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41569-026-01360-1The POET II trial reports that stopping antibiotic treatment in patients with endocarditis once they are clinically stable shortens the treatment duration without excess risk of death or surgery, but triples the rates of relapse of endocarditis or bacteraemia. This response-guided strategy marks a genuine shift beyond the oral-antibiotic-switch paradigm from the POET trial, and the safety of the approach will depend on rigorous patient selection and close multidisciplinary follow-up.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 02 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41569-026-01357-wSodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF), but the direct cardiac effects of these drugs remain incompletely understood. Recent evidence has identified pantothenate kinase 1 (PANK1) as a direct cardiac target of SGLT2 inhibitors, whereby PANK1 activation can restore coenzyme A availability and myocardial metabolic capacity. This finding highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the PANK1–coenzyme A axis in patients with HF.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 28 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41571-026-01221-3Three of five National Cancer Institute-sponsored randomized trials that are currently enrolling patients with multiple myeloma have control arms that no longer reflect the standard of care, despite two of these trials being activated in 2026. Comparators in federally sponsored trials need reassessment and, if necessary, updating to reflect changes in clinical practice before and during enrolment.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 20 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41571-026-01220-4Older adults (aged ≥65 years) comprise the majority of people diagnosed with cancer, yet they remain proportionally underrepresented in cancer research at every stage of the pathway. We call on funders, regulators, researchers and journals to make systematic inclusion of older adults the norm, across studies spanning from cancer prevention to end-of-life care.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 09 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41571-026-01213-3Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have transformed the management of various advanced-stage solid cancers. Nonetheless, and despite considerable development efforts, many of these agents lack reliable biomarkers of clinical benefit and/or are reliant on traditional methods of biomarker assessment, with biomarkers of resistance and/or toxicity largely overlooked. In this Review, the authors outline a modular ADC biomarker development strategy that considers the various components of these agents and discuss how biomarkers developed using this strategy might better inform patient selection, therapeutic sequencing, the development of rational combinations, dose optimization and regulatory strategy.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 08 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41571-026-01211-5The iterative development of several highly effective treatments for HER2-positive breast cancer has transformed patient outcomes, but the now-crowded therapeutic landscape raises questions regarding the optimal approach for each patient. In this Review, the authors outline considerations for right-sizing therapy across the disease continuum, and discuss biomarkers that might facilitate this more individualized approach to treatment.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 28 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41574-026-01321-1Punching above their weight: β-cell mass changes with obesity and diabetes

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 20 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41574-026-01314-0Food insecurity affects billions of people worldwide and is strongly linked to increased risk of non-communicable diseases. This Review explores the link between food insecurity and metabolic disease, and discusses potential social and healthcare interventions to mitigate the effects of food insecurity on metabolic health.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 19 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41574-026-01319-9A new role in lipid metabolism for an orphan transporter

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 14 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41574-026-01317-xThe immune hub of metabolism: how adipose tissue macrophage infiltration redefined obesity

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 27 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41575-026-01273-xGut fungi linked to development of MASLD-HCC

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 27 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41575-026-01272-yThe Baveno VIII consensus, published in 2026, builds on the framework established by Baveno VII, adding new recommendations that refine the management of advanced chronic parenchymal and vascular liver diseases and further establish portal hypertension as a continuum across disease stages.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 16 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41575-026-01270-0As metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease changes the clinical profile and care needs of patients with liver disease, hepatology training must extend beyond traditional organ-based boundaries. Hepatologists will increasingly need skills in cardiovascular, kidney and metabolic risk assessment, treatment co-management and referral, alongside their core expertise in liver disease.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 05 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41575-026-01267-9Perioperative immunotherapy for resectable gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: overall survival results

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 26 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41582-026-01272-1Neuroimmunology breakthroughs have been fuelled by studies in animal models. In this Review, the International Society of Neuroimmunology White Paper Task Force describes animal models that can be used to study neuroimmunological aspects of neurological disease and provide guidance on how to optimize use of animal models to gain insight into neuroimmunological mechanisms.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 19 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41582-026-01276-xThis article provides an overview of brain-focused multi-organ imaging genetics, outlining key data resources and analytical frameworks and reviewing cross-organ genetic insights into brain diseases. The authors propose a roadmap for implementing agentic AI co-scientists as essential infrastructure for advancing an integrated, whole-body understanding of brain health and disease.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 09 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41582-026-01278-9Proteomic changes associated with menopause track with cognitive ageing and dementia risk, according to new research.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 09 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41582-026-01281-0Tunnelling nanotubes enable mitochondria to be transferred between glioblastoma cells and astrocytes, new research has shown.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 27 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41584-026-01449-4Mucosal, environmental and immune alterations precede clinical rheumatoid arthritis. This Review integrates evidence from hypothesis-driven studies, multi-omics analyses and prevention trials to identify potential mechanisms and emerging opportunities for rheumatoid arthritis prevention.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 22 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41584-026-01442-xIn this Review, the authors discuss the role of primary cilia in fibrosis and highlight their potential as therapeutic targets in fibrotic and rheumatic diseases. They emphasize that further validation in preclinical models and exploration of drug repurposing strategies are required before primary cilia can be targeted therapeutically.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 14 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41584-026-01441-yThe authors provide a comprehensive overview of emerging therapeutic strategies for knee osteoarthritis. The Review highlights key advances over the past 5 years, drawing on findings from major clinical trials and covering both symptomatic approaches and treatments aimed at modifying joint structure and disease progression.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 27 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41585-026-01210-2Single-cell analysis defines tumour and immune states in tRCC

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 27 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41585-026-01212-0Neoadjuvant apalutamide for high-risk prostate cancer

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 19 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41585-026-01194-zIn this Review, the authors address the clinicopathological features, available treatments and oncological outcomes associated with major rare prostate cancer histological subtypes, and highlight the need for improved approaches to enhance their clinical management.