Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 19 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41569-025-01130-5In this Roadmap, Stellos and colleagues discuss the mechanisms of cardiovascular system ageing and how the ageing of blood, vessels and heart relates to the decline in organ function, and highlight potential therapeutic interventions, challenges in ageing research and future directions for preclinical and clinical studies.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 12 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41569-025-01137-yDiffering definitions and questionable prognostic significance have caused confusion and controversy around the applicability of the current definitions of periprocedural and perioperative myocardial infarction in clinical practice. In this Clinical Outlook, we review the definitions and the clinical and prognostic relevance of the various entities and provide implications for clinical practice.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 10 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41569-025-01136-zTissue engineered heart muscle implanted on to the epicardium can structurally and functionally remuscularize the failing hearts of rhesus macaques, with no major adverse effects; a clinical trial of this approach is now underway in patients with heart failure.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 07 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41569-025-01133-2A new study shows that activation of vagal sensory neurons expressing the oxytocin receptor in the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal tissues of mice mediates cardiometabolic changes resembling those from a hibernation-like, hypometabolic state.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 18 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41571-025-00992-5CD19-targeted CAR T cells have transformed the management of patients with relapsed and/or refractory large B cell lymphoma, and these therapies are increasingly being administered as earlier-line therapies. Nonetheless, the prognosis of these patients is often difficult to predict, with various prospective and real-world studies suggesting that a wide range of factors are associated with treatment outcomes. In this Review, the authors summarize these various associations as well as their implications for patient selection and management.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 11 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41571-025-00991-6The authors of this Perspective evaluate the developments in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in digital pathology for oncology applications between 2019 and 2024, addressing technological innovations, regulatory trends, implementation and financial implications. Importantly, they explore the current landscape of clinical deployment, highlighting future opportunities for the integration of AI into clinical oncology routine practice.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 10 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41571-025-00999-yDeepGEM, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model, accurately predicts the presence of key genomic alterations in histological slides prepared from samples obtained from patients with lung cancer. This approach provides a cost-effective alternative to genomic testing, generates spatial mutation maps and might support personalized treatment strategies. Validated in diverse datasets, DeepGEM highlights the potential of AI to transform precision oncology and improve global healthcare equity.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 06 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41571-025-00997-0Transanal TME noninferior to the laparoscopic approach

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 19 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01092-1The enduring relevance of the Randle cycle

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 11 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01090-3Tryptophan metabolism, exercise and depression

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 04 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01075-8Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition characterized by inadequate levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or resistance to PTH, leading to a wide range of health complications and reduced quality of life. This Review provides an update on the current understanding of hypoparathyroidism, its clinical management, and novel and emerging therapies.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 16 January 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01083-8Fracture is an under-recognized complication of diabetes mellitus; bone strength and function are also compromised in chronic kidney disease, a well-known complication of diabetes mellitus. Superimposing the bone-related effects of both these disorders increases the risk of fracture, as outlined in this Review.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 17 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41575-025-01038-yBiological sex has a vital role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This Review examines sex in IBD pathophysiology and clinical manifestation and provides a frame for improving clinical and preclinical IBD studies by considering sex an essential factor.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 12 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41575-025-01049-9Neuroimmune interactions influence pancreatic glucagon secretion in fasting mice

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 07 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41575-025-01044-0A scientist’s personal journey through breast cancer underscores the urgency for greater empathy in research and healthcare, a patient-centred approach to data dissemination, and more comprehensive, streamlined support for early-career researchers navigating health crises.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 04 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41575-025-01040-4A study in Nature Medicine developed a new clinical test based on a gut metagenome-derived multispecies biomarker panel for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, which outperformed faecal calprotectin. Shortly after, a study in Cell identified a health-relevant network-based core microbiome that could substantially advance precision microbiome medicine.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 11 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41581-025-00934-5Fibrosis has a key role in the progression of kidney disease and kidney failure. Here, the authors examine current options for targeting pro-fibrotic pathways, including the anti-fibrotic potential of nephroprotective drugs, as well as technological advances that might improve kidney fibrosis outcomes.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 03 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41581-025-00933-6The late diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem that limits the opportunity to initiate disease-modifying therapies. Artificial intelligence approaches using imaging or laboratory-based models can facilitate the early detection and risk stratification of CKD and thereby enable optimal treatment to reduce the burden of the disease.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 30 January 2025; doi:10.1038/s41581-025-00931-8Several risk tools can accurately predict individual baseline risks of adverse events in people with chronic kidney disease. Here, the authors examine methods of assessing risk and discuss risk-directed patient management, whereby risk is aligned with care delivery to maximize the benefit of available therapeutic strategies.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 17 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41582-025-01066-xNew research suggests that pathological α-synuclein in Parkinson disease can propagate from kidney to brain.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 17 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41582-025-01067-wIdentification of neurons involved in schizophrenia

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 10 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41582-025-01061-2Patient and public involvement and engagement is increasingly mandated in funding applications, yet often remain tokenistic and transitory. Working with patient and public contributors requires investment, thought, care and time. We discuss approaches that aim to increase agency for coresearchers, with the goal of strengthening public confidence and trust in research.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 14 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41584-025-01225-wAdvances in spatial ‘-omics’, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, have provided vital insights into cartilage microenvironments, revealing cellular diversity, zonal organization and links between cartilage structure and function. Analysing cartilage using spatial ‘-omics’ could deepen the understanding of diseases such as osteoarthritis and guide the development of targeted, disease-modifying therapies.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 10 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41584-025-01224-xResearch demonstrates that the SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF8 drives osteoclastogenesis, establishing a direct link between viral infection and bone loss.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 06 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41584-025-01219-8The mechanisms that drive the diverse disease manifestations and increased cancer risk associated with systemic sclerosis are unclear. Investigating the genomic alterations observed in patients with systemic sclerosis could contribute towards untangling this complex disease.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 18 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41585-025-01008-8Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, yet disparities persist in screening, diagnosis and treatment among populations with low socioeconomic status. Minority groups face barriers to clinical trial inclusion including limited awareness and financial challenges. Promoting diversity in clinical trials is crucial for inclusivity, improving treatment efficacy and achieving equitable health outcomes in prostate cancer care.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 17 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41585-025-01012-yBringing bi-paternal offspring a step closer

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 11 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41585-025-01005-xGDF15 blockade can reduce immunotherapy resistance in urothelial cancer

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 10 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41585-025-01004-yThe path to become a urological surgeon is full of obstacles. Historically, individuals with a physical disability have faced substantial barriers in their training and practice. However, the development of the right environment can ensure that these challenges do not hinder the progress of surgeons.