Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 11 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00978-9Ipilimumab plus nivolumab efficacious in patients with dMMR/MSI-H disease

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 09 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00970-3Leptomeningeal metastatic disease (LMD) arises secondary to the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells into the leptomeninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Novel therapies against systemic disease have not yet translated into improved outcomes for patients with LMD, in whom median survival after diagnosis remains at 2–6 months. The authors of this Review, a multidisciplinary group of experts, describe the emerging evidence and areas of active investigation in LMD and provide directed recommendations for future research.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 03 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00966-zThe experience with PARP inhibitors provides evidence of the clinical utility of synthetic lethality, whereby the simultaneous presence of two specific alterations is required for antitumour activity. In this Review, the authors describe attempts to identify novel synthetic lethal interactions, including the role of emerging technologies in identifying new synthetic lethal relationships as well as novel agents that are currently being tested in clinical trials that might extend the clinical relevance of synthetic lethality beyond PARP inhibitors.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 29 November 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00971-2Third-generation EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard-of-care first-line treatment for patients with advanced-stage EGFR-mutant NSCLC and their efficacy is being investigated in early stage and locally advanced disease. The authors of this Review describe the current first-line treatment options for EGFR-mutant NSCLC, discuss mechanisms of acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR TKIs and new promising treatment strategies, such as bispecific antibodies, next-generation TKIs, antibody–drug conjugates, immunotherapy approaches and targeted protein degraders.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 17 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01082-9Identification of genetic factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus risk in South Asian populations

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 13 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01078-5Several new clinical studies provide evidence for the potential of specific intermittent and periodic fasting interventions to decrease adiposity and HbA1c in patients with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, while also reducing drug use, adverse effects and risk factors for other diseases.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 09 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01076-7Established antiresorptive treatments for osteoporosis only slow down bone loss, and available osteoanabolic therapies — although more effective — have broad limitations. Recent insights into sex-specific systemic regulation of skeletal mass, an enhanced understanding of the cellular complexity of bone marrow and innovative options such as senolytics have fuelled the development of potentially transformative bone anabolic treatments.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 04 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01073-wAdvances in islet cell biology over the past few years highlight a fundamental role for intra-islet endocrine cell interactions and δ-cells in the regulation of glycaemia. New insights into how cellular heterogeneity and individual-level heterogeneity effect hormone secretion have also emerged.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 13 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-01029-5In 2024, there were major advances in inflammatory bowel disease research. Treatment strategies with biologic agents for inflammatory bowel disease matured, and gut microbiota–bacteriophage–host interaction emerged as a new frontier to target.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 11 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-01019-7Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are used widely in cancer treatment but they can cause adverse effects. This Review discusses immune-mediated liver injury from ICIs, summarizes the current knowledge and offers insights regarding patient treatment.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 09 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-01021-zHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 80% of all cases of primary liver cancer, the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. In this Review, the authors discuss current and emerging preventive strategies to reduce HCC risk, especially in individuals with chronic liver diseases.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 29 November 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-01028-6Hepatic vagus nerve relays signals to the brain that can alter food intake

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 18 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00925-yA turning point in the treatment of IgA nephropathy has been marked by several new publications that describe promising outcomes associated with the targeting of key pathogenic disease processes, including the production of galactose-deficient IgA1 and IgA-containing immune complexes, complement and endothelin system activation.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 16 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00919-wDiabetic kidney disease (DKD), the most common cause of chronic kidney disease, is primarily caused by metabolic dysfunction, likely due to mitochondrial abnormalities. In 2024, several studies made important strides towards defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of DKD.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 12 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00915-0Inter-organ interactions are critical for homeostasis and proper organ functioning. Several studies published in 2024 have provided insights into the mechanisms underlying reciprocal interactions of the kidney with the brain, gut and liver.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 20 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01211-8In a new study, inhibition of CDK7 disrupted the RNA polymerase II transcription cycle, leading to anti-inflammatory effects and metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and attenuation of arthritis in mouse models.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 20 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01205-6The updated 2023 EULAR recommendations for treatment of systemic sclerosis bring notable changes to recommendations for skin, peripheral vascular disease, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies, based on newer evidence. These updates provide the first glimmer of personalized patient management.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 16 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01201-wIn this Review the author summarizes the current approaches for antigen-specific therapies in the treatment of autoimmune disease and highlights the challenges that need to be addressed for successful use of this therapeutic strategy.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 11 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00986-5Personalized 3D models for prostate cancer surgery

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 09 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00984-7Serial ctDNA to understand PARPi resistance

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 06 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00982-9PEACEing together prostate cancer therapy